Text of the book “Fundamentals of clinical dental morphology: a textbook”

Russian – Latin dictionary

Latin pharmaceutical terminology and formulation

Teeth (dentes)

Located

in the dental alveoli of the upper and lower jaws using a continuous connection - impaction, gomphosis.

Tooth structure:

1. Corona dentis - tooth crown

Facies lingualis - lingual surface

Facies vestibularis (facialis) – vestibular (facial) surface

Facies occlusalis [masticatoria] – closure surface [masticatory]

1. Radix dentis - tooth root

Apex radicis dentis – apex of the tooth root

Foramen apicis dentis - opening of the apex of the tooth root

1. Cervix dentis – neck of the tooth
2. Cavitas dentis [pulparis] – dental cavity

Cavitas coronalis [coronae] – crown cavity

Canalis radicis dentis – tooth root canal

Pulpa dentis - tooth pulp

Tooth substance:

1. Dentinum - dentin
2. Enamelum – enamel
3. Cementum - cement

Types of teeth:

1. Dentes decidui – milk teeth

Complete dental formula of primary teeth:

2. Dentes permanentes - permanent teeth

Complete dental formula of an adult

1. Dentes incisivi – incisors
2. Dentes canini – fangs
3. Dentes premolares – small molars (premolars)
4. Dentes molares – large molars (molars)
5. Dens serotinus – wisdom tooth

Function of teeth

– grasping, separating, crushing, chewing, grinding food, forming speech.

Text of the book “Fundamentals of clinical dental morphology: a textbook”

3.2.2. Mandibular canine

The lower canine is smaller in size than the upper one. The contact surfaces of the crown converge to the base of the crown to a lesser extent than those of the upper canine, and the root is more flattened in the mesial-distal direction. All signs of lateralization are quite pronounced.

In vestibular and lingual norms

the crown is narrower than that of the maxillary canine, and its contours blend relatively smoothly into each other (Fig. 24).

Rice. 24. Canine of the lower jaw, right.

a – vestibular norm; b – language norm

The contour of the main tubercle is represented by two segments (slopes), which, in place of the apex of the tubercle, can form an acute, close to right, or obtuse angle. The mesial segment, as a rule, is shorter than the distal one and is located less vertically. The apex of the distal angle of the crown is closer to the neck than the mesial one. The distal angle is larger than the mesial angle.

The mesial and distal contours of the crown weakly converge towards the neck of the tooth (sometimes they are located almost parallel).

The line of the enamel-cementum border, both in the vestibular and lingual norms, is convex towards the root with the most prominent points located approximately along the USV,

The transition of the contact contours of the crown into the same contours of the cone-shaped root is well defined and more prominent on the distal side.

The root is usually deviated distally (a sign of root position), although the root apex may be curved either mesially or distally.

On the vestibular surface of the crown, from the neck to the main tubercle, there is a noticeable median ridge, which protrudes less than that of the antagonist of the same name. The vertical grooves separating the median ridge from the mesial and distal ones are weakly expressed (the mesial groove is somewhat deeper than the distal one). On the lingual surface of the crown there are well developed marginal ridges (the distal one is better expressed than the mesial one), a median ridge (located from the lingual to the main tubercle), and a lingual tubercle.

The lingual surface of the root is already vestibular, so both approximal surfaces of the root are visible from the lingual side.

In mesial and distal norms

the shape of the crown approaches a triangle with the most acute angle at the site of the main tubercle (Fig. 25). The base of the crown is significantly narrower in the vestibular-lingual direction than that of the maxillary canine.

Rice. 25. Canine of the lower jaw, right.

a – mesial norm; b – distal norm.

The occlusal contour is less extensive than that of the maxillary canine, and is often shifted to the lingual side from the USV.

The vestibular and lingual contours of the crown transform into the occlusal contour near the USV. The vestibular contour of the crown is convex with the most prominent point near the border of the cervical and middle thirds.

The lingual contour of the crown, reflecting the shape of the lingual tubercle and marginal ridges, is convex in the cervical third and concave throughout the rest of the crown.

The enamel-cementum border is curved towards the main tubercle, more so on the mesial surface than on the distal surface. The most prominent point of the enamel-cementum border is located approximately along the USV.

The transitions of the vestibular and lingual contours of the crown into the same contours of the root are weakly noticeable.

The contours of the cone-shaped root evenly converge towards its apex. The vestibular contour of the root is convex, the lingual contour can be convex or straight. The apex of the tooth root is located near the USV.

On the approximal surfaces of the root there are vertical grooves, approximately equal in depth.

In occlusal norm

the crown can be compared in shape to an irregular quadrangle (Fig. 26, a). Just like the upper canine, the vestibular contour has a slope in the mesial-distal direction (a sign of crown curvature). The point of greatest convexity of the vestibular contour of the crown is displaced mesially from the USV, and the point of greatest convexity of the lingual contour is located closer to the distal contour of the crown.

Rice. 26. Canine of the lower jaw, right.

a – occlusal norm and section at the level of the base of the crown; b – tooth cavity.

On horizontal sections of the root, the vestibular-lingual dimension prevails to a greater extent over the mesial-distal dimension than in the root of the upper canine.

Tooth cavity

resembles its external shape (Fig. 26, b). The crown cavity has recesses for the pulp horns in the area of ​​the corners and tubercles and passes into the root canal without a noticeable border.

Anatomical options.

The shape of the crown is determined by the degree of differentiation of the tooth and may be similar to the shape of the crown of the incisors or premolars of the lower jaw.

In the vestibular norm

The sharpness of the main cusp and the degree of convergence of the contact contours of the crown to the neck of the tooth can vary.

On the lingual surface

The marginal ridges and lingual tubercle may be differently expressed.

In contact standards

The vestibular contour of the crown can be convex to varying degrees, sometimes it can approach a straight line.

The nature of the root contours is quite variable. Sometimes the root can be “split” into two – vestibular and lingual, with different ratios of their sizes.

The root canal is usually single and straight. In cross section, it has an oval shape with a predominant vestibular-lingual size. The root canal can be deviated in both the vestibular and lingual directions. There are variants of the tooth cavity with two channels.

The height of the tooth is from 16.1 to 34.5 mm, while the height of the crown is 6.8-16.4 mm, the height of the root is 9.5-22.2 mm.
The mesial-distal size of the crown between the contact points ranges from 5.7 to 8.6 mm, the neck - from 4.1 to 6.4 mm. The size of the crown in the vestibular-lingual direction in the equator region ranges from 6.4 to 9.5 mm, in the cervical region - from 5.8 to 9.4 mm. Test tasks

In the maxillary canine, the longer one is:

a – mesial slope of the “tearing tubercle”;

b – distal slope of the “tearing tubercle”.

The vertical groove of the maxillary canine root is more pronounced:

a – on the mesial surface of the root;

b – on the distal surface of the root.

The largest of the fangs is:

a – canine of the upper jaw;

b – canine of the lower jaw.

The contact contours of the crown converge towards the neck to a greater extent:

a – at the canine of the upper jaw;

b – at the canine of the lower jaw.

The lingual tubercle is more pronounced:

a – at the canine of the upper jaw;

b – at the canine of the lower jaw.

The root position sign is expressed:

a – at the canine of the upper jaw;

b – at the canine of the lower jaw; c – all permanent canines.

The antimer for the right permanent maxillary canine is:

a – right permanent canine of the lower jaw;

b – left permanent canine of the lower jaw;

c – left permanent canine of the upper jaw;

d – right primary canine of the upper jaw.

The antagonist of the left permanent mandibular canine is:

a – right permanent canine of the lower jaw;

b – left permanent canine of the lower jaw;

c – left permanent canine of the upper jaw;

d – left primary canine of the lower jaw.

The enamel-cement border on the approximal surfaces of the canines is more convex:

a – on the medial (mesial) surface;

b – on the distal surface.

The diameter of the neck of the fangs predominates:

a – in the mesial-distal direction;

b – in the vestibular-lingual direction.

Answers to test tasks:

1

b;
2
a;
3
a;
4
a;
5
a;
6
in;
7
in;
8
in;
9
a;
10
b.

3.3. Group of small molars (Premolars)

Small molars (dentes premolares) –

teeth with a bicuspid occlusal surface, located in the dental arch in front of the molars (fourth and fifth positions) and are designed for crushing and crushing food. Premolars occupy the middle part of each half of the dental arch. Humans have 8 premolars:

– first and second premolars
of the upper jaw
(right and left);

– first and second premolars
of the lower jaw
(right and left).

A common feature in the anatomy of small molars is the presence of an occlusal surface with two tubercles - vestibular and lingual. The first premolar of the upper jaw, as a rule, has a bifurcated root. The remaining premolars often have a single root. The upper premolars are larger than the lower ones. The largest is the first premolar of the upper jaw, the smallest is the first premolar of the lower jaw.

In the upper premolars, the contours of the crown in the occlusal norm are oval, in the lower premolars they are rounded.

Crown angle sign

in the premolars of the lower jaw it is determined, but in the upper premolars it is not convincing.

Sign of crown curvature

“reverse” in the premolars of the upper jaw, is inconclusive in the second premolar of the mandible and is determined only in the first lower premolar.

Sign of root position

expressed in the first premolar of the mandible, unconvincing in the second premolar of the mandible and uninformative in the premolars of the upper jaw.
3.3.1.
The first small molar of the upper jaw The first premolar of the upper jaw, unlike the adjacent canine, has an occlusal surface with two cusps. The root is wider, but shorter than that of the canine, and, as a rule, is forked. The sign of crown angle is unreliable, the sign of crown curvature is “reverse”, and the sign of root position is inconsistent.

In the vestibular norm

the crown is shaped like the crown of a canine tooth in the upper jaw (Fig. 27, a).

Rice. 27. First premolar of the upper jaw, right.

a – vestibular norm; b – language norm.

The occlusal contour consists of two fragments (slopes) running from the tip of the tip of the vestibular tubercle (more often it is located near the USV) to the mesial and distal contours of the crown. The mesial fragment of the occlusal contour is longer and less vertical than the distal one.

The contours of the approximal surfaces converge towards the neck of the tooth, while the mesial contour slopes more towards the USV than the distal one. At the neck of the tooth, the approximal contours are connected by a line of the enamel-cement border, curved towards the root.

The transition of the contact contours of the crown to the corresponding contours of the root is more distinct on the distal side.

The root is flattened in the mesial-distal direction. The root apex is usually located distal to the USV.

On the vestibular surface of the crown there are vertical vestibular ridges. The median enamel ridge is separated from the mesial and distal ridges by vertical grooves, of which the mesial one is usually better expressed than the distal one.

In the language norm

due to the contours of the lingual tubercle, the contours of a larger vestibular tubercle are visible (Fig. 27, b).

The occlusal contour of the lingual tubercle is formed by two fragments (slopes) extending from the apex of the lingual tubercle. This apex is often shifted to the mesial side of the USV. This sign can be used as an additional criterion to determine whether a tooth belongs to the right or left side of the dental arch. The mesial slope of the lingual tubercle is shorter and gentler than the distal one.

The approximal contours of the lingual surface of the crown converge towards the neck of the tooth. The distal contour is shorter than the mesial one.

The enamel-cementum border is curved towards the root, and to a greater extent than on the vestibular side.

The transition of the contours of the crown into the corresponding contours of the root, as in the vestibular norm, is more pronounced on the distal side. The apex of the tooth root is often displaced distally from the USV.

In the lingual norm, in contrast to the vestibular relief, the crown is smoothed. The lingual surface of the crown is narrower than the vestibular surface, the contact surfaces diverge in the vestibular direction.

In mesial and distal norms

the crown is shaped like a non-convex polygon with an inward curved occlusal contour line (Fig. 28).

Rice. 28. First premolar of the upper jaw, right.

a – mesial norm; b – distal norm.

The vestibular tubercle, as a rule, is higher than the lingual one, and the point of connection of the slopes of the occlusal contour of these tubercles is slightly shifted to the lingual side from the USV. Often the junction of the mentioned slopes is hidden by a well-defined mesial transverse ridge.

The vestibular contour of the crown is convex with the most prominent point near the border of the cervical and middle thirds of the crown.

The lingual contour is shorter than the vestibular one and has a greater curvature. The point of greatest convexity of the lingual contour is located in the middle third of the crown.

The line of the enamel-cementum border, as a rule, has two convexities in the occlusal direction. The convexity at the level of the vestibular tubercle is more pronounced. The enamel-cementum border is more curved on the mesial surface than on the distal surface.

The root is conical. The vestibular contour of the root is convex, and the lingual contour is somewhat flattened. When the root is not split, its apex is located on the lingual side of the USV. If the root is forked, its apices are located on both sides of the USV.

The transition of the contours of the crown into the corresponding contours of the root is quite noticeable both from the vestibular and lingual sides.

On the approximal surfaces of the root there are vertical grooves, running from the base of the crown to the apex of the root (or to the level of bifurcation of the root when it is split).

In occlusal norm

the crown is elongated in the vestibular-lingual direction (Fig. 29, a).

Rice. 29. First premolar of the upper jaw, right.

a – occlusal norm and section at the level of the base of the crown; b – tooth cavity.

There are two tubercles on the chewing surface - the larger vestibular and the smaller lingual. The tubercles are separated from each other by a deep intertubercular groove. This groove does not reach the contact surfaces of the crown, but connects with the grooves that separate the transverse ridges from the vestibular and lingual cusps. The relief furrow of the first order takes the shape of the letter H.

The intersections of the grooves are called mesial and distal fossae.

Transverse ridges are located along the mesial and distal contours of the occlusal surface. In relation to the intertubercular groove, two fragments are identified in the transverse ridges: a longer vestibular one and a smaller lingual one. In the occlusal norm, the slope of the enamel of the vestibular surface is determined in the distal-mesial direction (“reverse” sign of crown curvature).

The root in transverse sections of the cervical part is flattened in the mesial-distal direction, and is often bifurcated in the apical direction.

Tooth cavity

resembles its external shape (Fig. 29, b). In the cavity of the crown there are depressions that correspond to the tubercles of the occlusal surface. The vestibular recess is more pronounced than the lingual one.

The bottom of the tooth crown cavity is usually located at the level of its neck.

The cavity of the tooth crown smoothly passes into the root canals.

According to the division of the root into vestibular and lingual, the vestibular and lingual canals are formed, which, as a rule, begin in the cervical part of the root.

Anatomical options.

The first premolar of the upper jaw, depending on the degree of its differentiation in shape, may resemble a canine or molar.

In the vestibular norm

The contours of the crown are more often shaped like the crown of a canine tooth in the upper jaw. The mesial and distal parts of the occlusal contour of the vestibular tubercle have different lengths. More often than not, the mesial part of the occlusal contour is shorter than the distal part. Often the opposite ratio of their sizes is found.

There are options for the shape of the crown, when its distal or mesial angle is more rounded (the sign of the crown angle is not informative). The severity of vertical enamel ridges (mesial and distal) on the vestibular surface varies. In some cases, with significant differentiation of the tooth, there is a longitudinal groove on the vestibular surface of the root, which can “split” the vestibular root into two (three-rooted premolars).

In the language norm

depending on the severity of the lingual tubercle, the ratio of its size to the size of the vestibular tubercle may be different.

On the occlusal surface

the depth of the intertubercular groove varies (shallow, medium and deep). The furrow may cross the transverse ridges. The severity of transverse ridges also varies. Between the vestibular and lingual cusps, near the mesial and distal contours of the crown, there may be additional intermediate cusps - mesial and distal. The intermediate distal tubercle is less common.

In mesial and distal norms

The vestibular and lingual contours of the crown can be convex or straight. Features of the crown shape are determined by the amount of convexity of the lingual and vestibular contours. As a rule, the lingual contour is more convex than the vestibular one.

The occlusal contour is formed by the slopes of the vestibular and lingual cusps. The size ratios of the tubercles may be different. As a rule, the vestibular tubercle is larger. Less commonly, the tubercles are approximately equal in size. The contours of the tubercles, converging to the intertubercular groove, form an obtuse angle (usually closer to the unfolded one).

The mesial and distal transverse ridges are well defined. Often the scallops are “split” by grooves, more often on the mesial surface than on the distal surface.

The shape of the enamel-cementum border is variable. As a rule, on the mesial surface the curvature of the enamel-cementum border is better expressed than on the distal surface. Near the IVS, enamel may leak toward the root bifurcation.

The level of root bifurcation varies. When the root bifurcation is located close to the crown, the bottom of the crown cavity is well defined. The root canals (from one to three) are often curved and have additional branches.

The height of the tooth ranges from 15.5 to 28.9 mm, while the height of the crown is 7.1-11.1 mm, the height of the root is 8.3-19.0 mm.
The mesial-distal size of the crown between the contact points ranges from 5.5 to 9.4 mm, the neck - from 3.6 to 8.5 mm. The size of the crown in the vestibular-lingual direction in the equator region varies from 6.6 to 11.2 mm, in the cervical region - from 5.0 to 9.4 mm. 3.3.2.
The second small molar of the upper jaw The second upper small molar is identical to the first premolar, but is somewhat smaller in size. The root is usually single. The sign of the crown angle and the sign of the root are not convincing; the sign of the curvature of the crown is “reverse”.

In the vestibular norm

the crown is similar in shape to the crown of the first premolar (Fig. 30, a).

Rice. 30. Second premolar of the upper jaw, right.

a – vestibular norm; b – language norm.

The line of the occlusal contour is represented by two fragments (slopes) running at an obtuse angle from the top of the vestibular tubercle, which, as a rule, is located on the USV. The slopes of the vestibular tubercle are almost indistinguishable both in length and location. The mesial angle of the crown is somewhat sharper than the distal one.

The contours of the approximal surfaces of the crown converge towards the neck of the tooth, while the mesial surface slopes somewhat more noticeably towards the USV than the distal one.

The line of the enamel-cementum border is curved towards the root. The most prominent point is located approximately along the USV.

The transition of the contact contours of the crown into the same contours of the root is more prominent on the distal side.

The root is cone-shaped, its apex is located along the USV or is displaced distally.

The enamel ridges of the vestibular surface are weakly expressed.

In the language norm

the occlusal contour of the lingual surface is formed by two segments converging to the most protruding point of the lingual tubercle (Fig. 30, b). The mesial segment is shorter than the distal one, the tip of the tip of the lingual tubercle is often displaced mesially from the USV. This anatomical feature can be used as an additional sign of tooth lateralization. The apex of the lingual tubercle is more rounded than the vestibular one. Because of the contours of the occlusal surface of the lingual cusp, the occlusal contour of the higher vestibular cusp is noticeable.

The contact contours of the lingual surface of the crown converge towards the neck of the tooth.

The enamel-cementum border is curved towards the root and has approximately the same curvature on the vestibular and lingual sides. The most prominent point of the enamel-cementum border is located near the USV or is displaced distally.

The approximal contours of the crown merge into the corresponding contours of the root with a fairly noticeable border.

The root apex, as in the vestibular norm, is located near the USV or somewhat distal.

In the lingual norm, the surface of the crown is narrower than in the vestibular norm, so that both contact surfaces of the crown are visible from the lingual side. The relief lingual surface is smoothed.

In mesial and distal norms

the shape of the crown, like that of the first premolar, has the appearance of a non-convex polygon (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31. Second premolar of the upper jaw, right.

a – mesial norm; b – distal norm.

The line of the occlusal contour is curved towards the neck of the tooth, the degree of its curvature is determined by the severity of the vestibular and lingual cusps. The vestibular tubercle is somewhat larger in size than the lingual tubercle. The slopes of the tubercles, converging towards each other, form an obtuse angle. The projection of the intertubercular groove is located approximately in the middle of the occlusal contour.

The vestibular contour of the crown is curved towards the vestibular side with the point of greatest convexity approximately at the border of the cervical and middle thirds. The lingual contour of the crown is more convex than the vestibular one, and its most protruding point is located approximately in the middle third of the crown.

The line of the enamel-cementum border is slightly curved, as a rule, with two convexities in the occlusal direction at the level of the bases of the vestibular and lingual cusps. The curvature of the vestibular part of the enamel-cementum border is slightly greater than that of the lingual part. The curvature of the enamel-cementum border on the mesial and distal surfaces differs little.

The transition of the vestibular and lingual contours of the crown into the same contours of the root is more noticeable on the lingual side.

The root is conical. The groove on the distal surface of the root is usually more pronounced than on the mesial surface.

In occlusal norm

(Fig. 32, a) the crown is oval with a predominance of the vestibular-lingual size over the mesial-distal one. The angle between the vestibular contour of the crown and its distal contour is less than between the vestibular and mesial contours (“reverse” sign of crown curvature).

The intercuspal groove runs closer to the middle of the occlusal surface than that of the first premolar. As with the first premolar, near the mesial and distal contours of the crown there are well-defined transverse ridges, as well as mesial and distal fossae.

Rice. 32. Second premolar of the upper jaw, right.

a – occlusal norm and section at the level of the base of the crown; b – language norm.

The intertubercular groove reaches the transverse grooves on the mesial and distal sides. Taken together, the relief furrows of the first order form a figure in the form of the letter H.

The root in transverse sections is as flattened in the mesial-distal direction as in the first premolar. The contours of the approximal root surfaces are concave.

Tooth cavity

it is widest at the level of the neck, then, gradually narrowing, it passes into the root canal. (Fig. 32, b). The cavity of the crown has recesses towards the vestibular and lingual cusps.

Anatomical options.

In
the vestibular norm,
the shape of the crown varies. The vestibular surface of the crown can have the shape of an oval or pentagon. The curvature of the occlusal contour of the vestibular tubercle can be varied. The tubercle can be round or pointed. The position of the most protruding point of the vestibular tubercle in relation to the contact contours of the crown is variable. More often than not, this point is located near the IVDS. The degree of convergence of the contact contours of the crown changes towards the neck of the tooth - from their almost parallel arrangement to a pronounced deviation towards the USV. Enamel ridges can be expressed to varying degrees, which determines the nature of the relief of the vestibular surface. The root may have noticeable bends both distally and mesially.

In approximate norms

the point of connection between the slopes of the vestibular and lingual tubercles may be closer to the middle of the chewing surface or be shifted to the lingual contour. The severity of the tubercles on the chewing surface can vary in height and width of their bases.

In occlusal norm

the vestibular and lingual cusps may be “split.” Between these tubercles, near the contact contours of the crown, additional tubercles are found.

There are tooth options with two or three roots. The number of channels in the root ranges from one to three.

When there are two canals, they often end in a single hole at the root apex.

The height of the tooth ranges from 15.2 to 28.4 mm, while the height of the crown is 5.2-10.5 mm, the height of the root is 8.0-20.6 mm. The mesial-distal size of the crown between the contact points ranges from 5.5 to 8.9 mm, the neck - from 4.0 to 5.8 mm. The size of the crown in the vestibular-lingual direction in the equator region varies from 6.9 to 11.6 mm, in the cervical region - from 5.8 to 10.5 mm.