Fluoridation of teeth is an effective method of preventing caries in children and adults

A beautiful, white smile and an even row of teeth make your interlocutor feel better and attracts glances. All this cannot be achieved if you do not monitor the health of your teeth and oral cavity. Modern medicine offers patients a range of services to restore the beauty of their teeth, including fluoridation.

Fluoride is a natural substance that is also found in many components, including water. This product is actively added to toothpastes and various products for cleaning the oral cavity and preventing diseases.

In this article we will look at what fluoridation is and the effects of fluoride on teeth.

What is fluoridation?

Fluoridation is a way to strengthen tooth enamel, give it a more attractive appearance and protect it from caries. The procedure involves the use of special products, for example, varnishes, foams or gels, in which the amount of fluoride is much higher than in regular toothpastes.

Fluorine and fluorides

Fluorine in its pure form is a yellowish gas with a characteristic pungent odor. It is poisonous, so it should be used with extreme caution in domestic conditions. Among all the elements of the periodic table, it is one of the most chemically active. Compounds of fluorine with other substances are called fluorides: there are a huge number of them, so their areas of application are also very extensive. This includes dentistry. The first pastes containing fluoride appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century, and in the late 1940s, an experimental program for water fluoridation began in the United States, which brought mainly positive results in the fight against caries. After some time, several dental associations of the leading countries of the world recognized fluoridated toothpastes as an effective preventive measure. At the same time, the number of opponents of fluoride increased, including quite well-known specialists.

Attention!

Toothpastes and other oral care products use fluoride rather than fluoride itself.

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Why do they argue about the benefits and harms of fluoride?

The main reason for the controversy is the properties of fluorine and compounds based on it. Let's start with the fact that without a minimum amount of this substance in the body, the normal development of not only teeth, but also nails, hair and skeletal bones as a whole is impossible. Fluorides are found in most foods and even the earth's crust, so we get some portions of it anyway. Most experts and scientists agree that for an adult the daily fluoride intake should be 3-5 mg, and for children - from 0.5 to 2 mg (depending on age). The deficiency leads to accelerated demineralization of enamel and the formation of caries, osteoporosis and other problems that go far beyond the oral cavity.

On the other hand, a few grams of fluoride in its pure form are considered fatal to humans, and a regular overdose can cause problems with bones and joints, liver, heart, respiratory system and provoke a number of diseases. Most dental patients are interested in the harm of fluoride to teeth when using special toothpaste and drinking fluoridated water. It so happens that they are the ones who most often become the subject of the most heated debates and the basis for the emergence of myths and prejudices.

Fluorides in food

Simple fluoridation of teeth

A common and painless method. There are several options for the procedure:

  • application of fluoride using dental trays. The dentist creates mouth guards based on the patient’s individual impression, then they are filled with a special substance. The duration of the procedure is 10-15 minutes.
  • coating of enamel with fluorine varnish. The dentist coats the enamel with a substance and dries it with a specialized lamp.
  • fluoride applications. First, the tooth surface is cleaned, then a fluoridating gel is applied.

The benefits and harms of fluoride in toothpaste

You need to understand that fluorine in this case is a generalized concept. For example, toothpaste does not contain fluoride itself in its primary state, but compounds based on it. Most often it contains the following types of fluorides:

  • Sodium monofluorophosphate
    is practically absent in modern pastes due to the slow release of fluoride ions.
  • Sodium fluoride
    is a very popular component, which is characterized by fast action and good remineralizing properties. By the way, most opponents of fluoridation talk about the harm specifically from sodium fluoride.
  • Stann fluoride
    is another fairly common ingredient used by several major toothpaste manufacturers.
  • Aminofluoride
    is considered the most modern, effective and expensive type of fluoride in oral care products.

Conversations about the benefits and harms of fluoride in toothpaste have been going on for a long time. However, in reality, many theses are unverified or overly exaggerated. Below is a table showing the objective positive and negative qualities of fluoridated toothpaste.

  • Fluoridated toothpaste prevents (partly!) demineralization of enamel and the development of caries. Oral bacteria produce lactic acid, which lowers pH levels and “leaches” calcium from tooth enamel, leaving it vulnerable. When exposed to fluoride, calcium crystals form a strong compound that is less susceptible to acid attack.
  • Fluorides have antiseptic properties, preventing the growth of bacteria and the formation of plaque, and also positively affecting the composition and protective properties of saliva.
  • Excess fluoride provokes fluorosis - a disease of the enamel with the appearance of characteristic spots and depressions. The risk of its occurrence is especially high in childhood during the development of baby teeth. However, fluoridated toothpaste alone can rarely become the main cause of excess fluoride in the body.
  • Fluoride can negatively affect the saprophytic (friendly) microflora of the oral cavity. This is one of the modern theses from experts who talk about the harm of fluorides in toothpaste.

Fluoride in water - benefits and harms

When we talk about the benefits and harms of fluoride for teeth and the body as a whole, we must not forget about fluoridated water.
According to many experts, it is this that can most effectively restore the lack of substances in the body. On the other hand, fluoride is one of the most difficult elements to remove, and drinking fluoridated water contributes to its accumulation. Modern research suggests that if a liter of water contains more than 1 mg of fluoride, it can potentially be dangerous to the body. In past years, especially at the beginning of experiments with fluoridation, the dosage could be much more severe, causing different reactions in some people.

Many fluoridation opponents argue that in the 1950s, American courts were inundated with fluoride poisoning lawsuits. Be that as it may, the fact remains: today, water fluoridation is carried out in many countries and regions. The harm of fluorine in water is most often discussed when its increased concentration is detected or when toxic compounds are used, in particular fluoroaluminates.

The benefits and harms of fluoride for humans: the most radical theses for and against

BEHINDAGAINST
  • Using fluoridated toothpaste is mandatory for everyone.
    Not really. If there is a lack of fluoride, low oral pH and weakened enamel, the doctor may indeed recommend fluoridated toothpastes. However, in most cases, the best prevention is good hygiene and regular visits to the dentist.
  • The required level of fluoride can only be obtained from fluoridated water.
    No, fluorides are found in many foods: apples, fish, chicken, dairy products, etc. The amount of fluoride you receive can often be adjusted through your regular diet.
  • Initially, the positive properties of fluoride were imposed by interested corporations.
    Followers of this theory claim that in the middle of the 20th century, large American industrial companies, polluting the land and rivers with fluoride, decided to begin promoting its benefits, involving leading doctors and marketers. We all know the power of advertising and propaganda, so there may be some truth to this statement. At the same time, over the following years, a number of independent studies were conducted that confirmed both the positive properties of fluorides in pastes and the harm of fluoride to the body during intoxication, which is not used in its pure form in hygiene products.
  • Excess fluoride in the body affects almost all organs, including the thyroid and pineal glands.
    It's true: fluoride is a poison, so the above complications are indeed possible during intoxication. However, toothpastes use fluoride, not fluoride.
  • Using fluoridated toothpaste can lead to toxicity.
    This is a myth; the harm of fluoride in toothpaste to humans is minimal: fluorides are not absorbed by the oral mucosa. To become poisoned, you need to eat several tubes of fluoridated toothpaste.
  • Sodium fluoride leads to infertility, decreased cognitive abilities and premature aging.
    Some experts talk about this, but these statements in the scientific community have the status of an alternative opinion.

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Alternative to fluoride

The harm or benefit of fluoride in toothpaste is a largely debatable issue.
Using fluoride toothpaste is possible, and in some cases even recommended. On the other hand, this is not a compulsory measure or a panacea. But the mark on the tube “Fluoride free!” — may well turn out to be a product of marketing. Although there are compounds and components that are an alternative in the prevention of caries and demineralization. Firstly, these are toothpastes with glycerophosphate and calcium hydroxyapatite, which saturate the enamel and resist the effects of acid. Probiotics in toothpastes help maintain optimal oral microflora, and diet and special rinsing solutions will help control pH levels. Natural plant ingredients also help achieve an antibacterial effect. Publisher: Expert magazine about dentistry Startsmile.ru

Author of the material: Yaroslav Ikonnikov

How is the procedure done?

Deep fluoridation

It is carried out only in a dental office using special preparations.
The procedure requires minimal preparation. It can be divided into five quick stages
:

  1. Teeth cleaning. Usually a special paste is used to prepare for fluoridation. But if the child has heavy plaque, another cleaning method is chosen.
  2. Drying the surface of the teeth.
  3. “Sealing” the enamel. The doctor applies a drug based on magnesium and calcium (fluorides).
  4. Second drying of the surface of the teeth.
  5. Application of the final preparation. Dental clinics use a solution of copper and calcium hydroxide.
After the procedure, both applied layers react. All components gradually penetrate deep into the tooth, significantly enhancing its mineral structure. An important advantage of deep fluoridation is durability. Components applied to the surface are not washed out and are not affected by food or water.
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